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@Proceedings { fink-lcn-demons-2021,
   title = {DEMONS: Extended Manufacturer Usage Description to Restrain Malicious Smartphone Apps},
   year = {2021},
   month = {10},
   day = {4},
   tags = {nerd-nrw},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-fink-lcn-demons},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   howpublished = {online},
   event_place = {Edmonton, Canada},
   event_name = {46th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)},
   event_date = {October 4-7, 2021},
   state = {accepted},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Fink, Ina Berenice and Serror, Martin and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021_reuter_demo,
   title = {Demo: Traffic Splitting for Tor — A Defense against Fingerprinting Attacks},
   year = {2021},
   month = {9},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys '21), September 13-16, 2021, L{\"u}beck, Germany},
   event_place = {L{\"u}beck, Germany},
   event_date = {September 13-16, 2021},
   state = {accepted},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Reuter, Sebastian and Hiller, Jens and Pennekamp, Jan and Panchenko, Andriy and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Article { 2021_kretschmer_cookies,
   title = {Cookie Banners and Privacy Policies: Measuring the Impact of the GDPR on the Web},
   journal = {ACM Transactions on the Web},
   year = {2021},
   month = {7},
   day = {15},
   volume = {15},
   number = {4},
   abstract = {The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is in effect since May of 2018. As one of the most comprehensive pieces of legislation concerning privacy, it sparked a lot of discussion on the effect it would have on users and providers of online services in particular, due to the large amount of personal data processed in this context. Almost three years later, we are interested in revisiting this question to summarize the impact this new regulation has had on actors in the World Wide Web. Using Scopus, we obtain a vast corpus of academic work to survey studies related to changes on websites since and around the time, the GDPR went into force. Our findings show that the emphasis on privacy increased w.r.t. online services, but plenty potential for improvements remains. Although online services are on average more transparent regarding data processing practices in their public data policies, a majority of these policies still either lack information required by the GDPR (e.g., contact information for users to file privacy inquiries), or do not provide this information in a user-friendly form. Additionally, we summarize that online services more often provide means for their users to opt out of data processing, but regularly obstruct convenient access to such means through unnecessarily complex and sometimes illegitimate interface design. Our survey further details that this situation contradicts the preferences expressed by users both verbally and through their actions, and researchers have proposed multiple approaches to facilitate GDPR-conform data processing without negatively impacting the user experience. Thus, we compiled reoccurring points of criticism by privacy researchers and data protection authorities into a list of four guidelines for service providers to consider.},
   keywords = {Cookies; Privacy; GDPR; Web; Privacy Legislation; Fingerprinting},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-kretschmer-tweb-cookies.pdf},
   publisher = {ACM},
   ISSN = {1559-1131},
   DOI = {10.1145/3466722},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Kretschmer, Michael and Pennekamp, Jan and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Article { 2021_pennekamp_ercim,
   title = {Unlocking Secure Industrial Collaborations through Privacy-Preserving Computation},
   journal = {ERCIM News},
   year = {2021},
   month = {7},
   day = {9},
   volume = {126},
   pages = {24-25},
   abstract = {In industrial settings, significant process improvements can be achieved when utilising and sharing information across stakeholders. However, traditionally conservative companies impose significant confidentiality requirements for any (external) data processing. We discuss how privacy-preserving computation can unlock secure and private collaborations even in such competitive environments.},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-pennekamp-ercim-news.pdf},
   web_url = {https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en126/special/unlocking-secure-industrial-collaborations-through-privacy-preserving-computation},
   publisher = {ERCIM EEIG},
   ISSN = {0926-4981},
   author = {Pennekamp, Jan and Henze, Martin and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-kunze-efm-evaluation,
   title = {L, Q, R, and T - Which Spin Bit Cousin Is Here to Stay?},
   year = {2021},
   month = {7},
   url = {/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-kunze-efm-evaluation.pdf},
   booktitle = {ANRW '21: Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop},
   event_place = {Virtual Event},
   event_name = {Applied Networking Research Workshop (ANRW '21)},
   state = {accepted},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3472305.3472 319},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Kunze, Ike and Wehrle, Klaus and R{\"u}th, Jan}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-glebke-service-based-forwarding,
   title = {Service-based Forwarding via Programmable Dataplanes},
   year = {2021},
   month = {6},
   day = {10},
   tags = {reflexes},
   url = {/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-glebke-service-based-forwarding.pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing: Workshop on Semantic Addressing and Routing for Future Networks (SARNET-21)},
   ISBN = {978-1-6654-4005-9},
   ISSN = {2325-5609},
   DOI = {10.1109/HPSR52026.2021.9481814},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Glebke, Ren{\'e} and Trossen, Dirk and Kunze, Ike and Lou, David and R{\"u}th, Jan and Stoffers, Mirko and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-kunze-signal-detection,
   title = {Detecting Out-Of-Control Sensor Signals in Sheet Metal Forming using In-Network Computing},
   year = {2021},
   month = {6},
   day = {10},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-kunze-signal-detection.pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium
on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)},
   state = {accepted},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Kunze, Ike and Niemietz, Philipp and Tirpitz, Liam and Glebke, Ren{\'e} and Trauth, Daniel and Bergs, Thomas and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021_mangel_reshare,
   title = {Data Reliability and Trustworthiness through Digital Transmission Contracts},
   year = {2021},
   month = {6},
   day = {8},
   pages = {265-283},
   abstract = {As decision-making is increasingly data-driven, trustworthiness and reliability of the underlying data, e.g., maintained in knowledge graphs or on the Web, are essential requirements for their usability in the industry. However, neither traditional solutions, such as paper-based data curation processes, nor state-of-the-art approaches, such as distributed ledger technologies, adequately scale to the complex requirements and high throughput of continuously evolving industrial data. Motivated by a practical use case with high demands towards data trustworthiness and reliability, we identify the need for digitally-verifiable data immutability as a still insufficiently addressed dimension of data quality. Based on our discussion of shortcomings in related work, we thus propose ReShare, our novel concept of digital transmission contracts with bilateral signatures, to address this open issue for both RDF knowledge graphs and arbitrary data on the Web. Our quantitative evaluation of ReShare’s performance and scalability reveals only moderate computation and communication overhead, indicating significant potential for cost-reductions compared to today’s approaches. By cleverly integrating digital transmission contracts with existing Web-based information systems, ReShare provides a promising foundation for data sharing and reuse in Industry 4.0 and beyond, enabling digital accountability through easily-adoptable digitally-verifiable data immutability and non-repudiation.},
   note = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Volume 12731},
   keywords = {Digital transmission contracts; Trust; Data immutability; Non-repudiation; Accountability; Data dynamics; Linked Data; Knowledge graphs},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-mangel-eswc-reshare.pdf},
   publisher = {Springer},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC '21), June 6-10, 2021, Heraklion, Greece},
   event_place = {Heraklion, Greece},
   event_date = {June 6-10, 2021},
   ISBN = {978-3-030-77384-7},
   ISSN = {0302-9743},
   DOI = {10.1007/978-3-030-77385-4_16},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Mangel, Simon and Gleim, Lars and Pennekamp, Jan and Wehrle, Klaus and Decker, Stefan}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021_gleim_factstack,
   title = {FactStack: Interoperable Data Management and Preservation for the Web and Industry 4.0},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   day = {31},
   pages = {371-395},
   abstract = {Data exchange throughout the supply chain is essential for the agile and adaptive manufacturing processes of Industry 4.0. As companies employ numerous, frequently mutually incompatible data management and preservation approaches, interorganizational data sharing and reuse regularly requires human interaction and is thus associated with high overhead costs. An interoperable system, supporting the unified management, preservation and exchange of data across organizational boundaries is missing to date. We propose FactStack, a unified approach to data management and preservation based upon a novel combination of existing Web-standards and tightly integrated with the HTTP protocol itself. Based on the FactDAG model, FactStack guides and supports the full data lifecycle in a FAIR and interoperable manner, independent of individual software solutions and backward-compatible with existing resource oriented architectures. We describe our reference implementation of the approach and evaluate its performance, showcasing scalability even to high-throughput applications. We analyze the system's applicability to industry using a representative real-world use case in aircraft manufacturing based on principal requirements identified in prior work. We conclude that FactStack fulfills all requirements and provides a promising solution for the on-demand integration of persistence and provenance into existing resource-oriented architectures, facilitating data management and preservation for the agile and interorganizational manufacturing processes of Industry 4.0. Through its open source distribution, it is readily available for adoption by the community, paving the way for improved utility and usability of data management and preservation in digital manufacturing and supply chains.},
   note = {Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Volume P-312},
   keywords = {Web Technologies; Data Management; Memento; Persistence; PID; Industry 4.0},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-gleim-btw-iop-interoperability-realization.pdf},
   publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Symposium for Database Systems for Business, Technology and Web (BTW '21), September 13-17, 2021, Dresden, Germany},
   event_place = {Dresden, Germany},
   event_date = {September 13-17, 2021},
   ISBN = {978-3-88579-705-0},
   ISSN = {1617-5468},
   DOI = {10.18420/btw2021-20},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Gleim, Lars and Pennekamp, Jan and Tirpitz, Liam and Welten, Sascha and Brillowski, Florian and Decker, Stefan}
}

@Article { 2021-jakobs-smartsystems,
   title = {Standards Development for Smart Systems—A Potential Way Forward},
   journal = {IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   day = {6},
   volume = {68},
   pages = {75-86},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management},
   DOI = {10.1109/TEM.2020.2976640},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Folmer, Erwin and Jakobs, Kai}
}

@Article { 2021_buckhorst_lmas,
   title = {Holarchy for Line-less Mobile Assembly Systems Operation in the Context of the Internet of Production},
   journal = {Procedia CIRP},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   day = {3},
   volume = {99},
   pages = {448-453},
   abstract = {Assembly systems must provide maximum flexibility qualified by organization and technology to offer cost-compliant performance features to differentiate themselves from competitors in buyers' markets. By mobilization of multipurpose resources and dynamic planning, Line-less Mobile Assembly Systems (LMASs) offer organizational reconfigurability. By proposing a holarchy to combine LMASs with the concept of an Internet of Production (IoP), we enable LMASs to source valuable information from cross-level production networks, physical resources, software nodes, and data stores that are interconnected in an IoP. The presented holarchy provides a concept of how to address future challenges, meet the requirements of shorter lead times, and unique lifecycle support. The paper suggests an application of decision making, distributed sensor services, recommender-based data reduction, and in-network computing while considering safety and human usability alike.},
   note = {Proceedings of the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering (ICME '20), July 14-17, 2020, Gulf of Naples, Italy},
   keywords = {Internet of Production; Line-less Mobile Assembly System; Industrial Assembly; Smart Factory},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-buckhorst-holarchy.pdf},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   event_place = {Gulf of Naples, Italy},
   event_date = {July 14-17, 2020},
   ISSN = {2212-8271},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.064},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Buckhorst, Armin F. and Montavon, Benjamin and Wolfschl{\"a}ger, Dominik and Buchsbaum, Melanie and Shahidi, Amir and Petruck, Henning and Kunze, Ike and Pennekamp, Jan and Brecher, Christian and H{\"u}sing, Mathias and Corves, Burkhard and Nitsch, Verena and Wehrle, Klaus and Schmitt, Robert H.}
}

@Article { 2021_bader_privaccichain,
   title = {Blockchain-Based Privacy Preservation for Supply Chains Supporting Lightweight Multi-Hop Information Accountability},
   journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   volume = {58},
   number = {3},
   abstract = {The benefits of information sharing along supply chains are well known for improving productivity and reducing costs. However, with the shift towards more dynamic and flexible supply chains, privacy concerns severely challenge the required information retrieval. A lack of trust between the different involved stakeholders inhibits advanced, multi-hop information flows, as valuable information for tracking and tracing products and parts is either unavailable or only retained locally. Our extensive literature review of previous approaches shows that these needs for cross-company information retrieval are widely acknowledged, but related work currently only addresses them insufficiently. To overcome these concerns, we present PrivAccIChain, a secure, privacy-preserving architecture for improving the multi-hop information retrieval with stakeholder accountability along supply chains. To address use case-specific needs, we particularly introduce an adaptable configuration of transparency and data privacy within our design. Hence, we enable the benefits of information sharing as well as multi-hop tracking and tracing even in supply chains that include mutually distrusting stakeholders. We evaluate the performance of PrivAccIChain and demonstrate its real-world feasibility based on the information of a purchasable automobile, the e.GO Life. We further conduct an in-depth security analysis and propose tunable mitigations against common attacks. As such, we attest PrivAccIChain's practicability for information management even in complex supply chains with flexible and dynamic business relationships.},
   keywords = {multi-hop collaboration; tracking and tracing; Internet of Production; e.GO; attribute-based encryption},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://jpennekamp.de/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/bpm+21.pdf},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   ISSN = {0306-4573},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102529},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Bader, Lennart and Pennekamp, Jan and Matzutt, Roman and Hedderich, David and Kowalski, Markus and Lücken, Volker and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-kunze-aqm-tofino-p4,
   title = {Tofino + P4: A Strong Compound for AQM on High-Speed Networks?},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-kunze-aqm-tofino-p4.pdf},
   publisher = {IFIP/IEEE},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM '21)},
   state = {accepted},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Kunze, Ike and Gunz, Moritz and Saam, David and Wehrle, Klaus and R{\"u}th, Jan}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-kunze-coordinate-transformation,
   title = {Investigating the Applicability of In-Network Computing to Industrial Scenarios},
   year = {2021},
   month = {5},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-kunze-coordinate-transformation.pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS '21)},
   state = {accepted},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Kunze, Ike and Glebke, Ren{\'e} and Scheiper, Jan and Bodenbenner, Matthias and Schmitt, Robert H. and Wehrle, Klaus}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021_dahlmanns_entrust,
   title = {Transparent End-to-End Security for Publish/Subscribe Communication in Cyber-Physical Systems},
   year = {2021},
   month = {4},
   day = {28},
   pages = {78–87},
   abstract = {The ongoing digitization of industrial manufacturing leads to a decisive change in industrial communication paradigms. Moving from traditional one-to-one to many-to-many communication, publish/subscribe systems promise a more dynamic and efficient exchange of data. However, the resulting significantly more complex communication relationships render traditional end-to-end security futile for sufficiently protecting the sensitive and safety-critical data transmitted in industrial systems. Most notably, the central message brokers inherent in publish/subscribe systems introduce a designated weak spot for security as they can access all communication messages. To address this issue, we propose ENTRUST, a novel solution for key server-based end-to-end security in publish/subscribe systems. ENTRUST transparently realizes confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for publish/subscribe systems without any modification of the underlying protocol. We exemplarily implement ENTRUST on top of MQTT, the de-facto standard for machine-to-machine communication, showing that ENTRUST can integrate seamlessly into existing publish/subscribe systems.},
   keywords = {cyber-physical system security; publish-subscribe security; end-to-end security},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-dahlmanns-entrust.pdf},
   publisher = {ACM},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Secure and Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems (SaT-CPS '21), co-located with the 11th ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (CODASPY '21), April 26-28, 2021, Virtual Event, USA},
   event_place = {Virtual Event, USA},
   event_name = {ACM Workshop on Secure and Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems},
   event_date = {April 28, 2021},
   ISBN = {978-1-4503-8319-6/21/04},
   DOI = {10.1145/3445969.3450423},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Dahlmanns, Markus and Pennekamp, Jan and Fink, Ina Berenice and Schoolmann, Bernd and Wehrle, Klaus and Henze, Martin}
}

@Inproceedings { 2021-sander-zoom-cc,
   title = {Video Conferencing and Flow-Rate Fairness: A First Look at Zoom and the Impact of Flow-Queuing AQM},
   year = {2021},
   month = {3},
   tags = {internet-of-production},
   url = {/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-sander-zoom-fairness-aqm.pdf},
   publisher = {Springer},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM '21)},
   event_name = {Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM 2021)},
   DOI = {10.1007/978-3-030-72582-2_1},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Sander, Constantin and Kunze, Ike and Wehrle, Klaus and R{\"u}th, Jan}
}

@Phdthesis { 2021-serror-phd-thesis,
   title = {On the Benefits of Cooperation for Dependable Wireless Communications},
   year = {2021},
   month = {3},
   web_url = {https://www.shaker.de/de/content/catalogue/index.asp?ISBN=978-3-8440-7923-4},
   publisher = {Shaker Verlag},
   address = {Shaker Verlag, D{\"u}ren, Germany},
   series = {Reports on Communications and Distributed Systems},
   edition = {21},
   school = {RWTH Aachen University},
   type = {Ph.D. Thesis},
   ISBN = {978-3-8440-7923-4},
   author = {Serror, Martin}
}

@Article { 2021_schomakers_insights,
   title = {Insights on Data Sensitivity from the Technical, Legal and the Users' Perspectives},
   journal = {Computer Law Review International},
   year = {2021},
   month = {2},
   day = {15},
   volume = {22},
   number = {1},
   pages = {8-15},
   abstract = {Social media, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things connect people around the globe, offering manifold benefits. However, the technological advances and increased user participation generate novel challenges for users' privacy. From the users' perspective, the consequences of data disclosure depend on the perceived sensitivity of that data. But in light of the new technological opportunities to process and combine data, it is questionable whether users can adequately evaluate risks of data disclosures. As mediating authority, data protection laws such as the European General Data Protection Regulation try to protect user data, granting enhanced protection to ''special categories'' of data. This article assesses the legal, technological, and users' perspectives on information sensitivity and their interplay. Technologically, all data can be referred to as ''potentially sensitive.'' The legal and users' perspective on information sensitivity deviate from this standpoint, as some data types are granted special protection by law but are not perceived as very sensitive by users and vice versa. The key findings here suggest the GDPR adequately protecting users' privacy but for small adjustments.},
   tags = {Information Sensitivity, Privacy, European Data Protection Law},
   ISSN = {1610-7608},
   DOI = {10.9785/cri-2021-220103},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Schomakers, Eva-Maria and Lidynia, Chantal and M{\"u}llmann, Dirk and Matzutt, Roman and Wehrle, Klaus and Spiecker gen. D{\"o}hmann, Indra and Ziefle, Martina}
}

@Inproceedings { 2019_rut_schomakers_privacy,
   title = {Putting Privacy into Perspective -- Comparing Technical, Legal, and Users' View of Data Sensitivity},
   year = {2021},
   month = {1},
   day = {27},
   pages = {857-870},
   abstract = {Social media, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things connect people around the globe, offering manifold benefits. However, the technological advances and increased user participation generate novel challenges for users' privacy. From the users' perspective, the consequences of data disclosure depend on the perceived sensitivity of that data. But in light of the new technological opportunities to process and combine data, it is questionable whether users can adequately evaluate risks of data disclosures. As mediating authority, data protection laws such as the European General Data Protection Regulation try to protect user data, granting enhanced protection to ''special categories'' of data. In this paper, we assess the legal, technological, and users' perspectives on information sensitivity and their interplay. Technologically, all data can be referred to as ''potentially sensitive.'' The legal and users' perspective on information sensitivity deviate from this standpoint, as some data types are granted special protection by law but are not perceived as very sensitive by users and vice versa. Our key findings still suggest the GDPR adequately protecting users' privacy but for small adjustments.},
   keywords = {Information Sensitivity,Privacy,European Data Protection Law},
   tags = {mynedata},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-schomakers-3perspectives.pdf},
   web_url = {https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/34788},
   web_url2 = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06569},
   publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik},
   address = {Bonn},
   booktitle = {INFORMATIK 2020},
   event_place = {Karlsruhe, Germany},
   event_name = {INFORMATIK 2020},
   event_date = {2020-09-28 to 2020-10-01},
   language = {English},
   DOI = {10.18420/inf2020_76},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Schomakers, Eva-Maria and Lidynia, Chantal and M{\"u}llmann, Dirk and Matzutt, Roman and Wehrle, Klaus and Spiecker gen. D{\"o}hmann, Indra and Ziefle, Martina}
}

@Article { 2021-wehrle-energy,
   title = {A Novel Receiver Design for Energy Packet‐Based Dispatching},
   journal = {Energy Technology},
   year = {2021},
   volume = {9},
   number = {2},
   DOI = {10.1002/ente.202000937},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Wiegel, Friedirch and De Din, Edoardo and Monti, Antonello and Wehrle, Klaus and Hiller, Marc and Zitterbart, Martina and Hagenmeyer, Veit}
}

@Article { 2021_matzutt_coinprune_v2,
   title = {CoinPrune: Shrinking Bitcoin's Blockchain Retrospectively},
   journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
   year = {2021},
   abstract = {Popular cryptocurrencies continue to face serious scalability issues due to their ever-growing blockchains. Thus, modern blockchain designs began to prune old blocks and rely on recent snapshots for their bootstrapping processes instead. Unfortunately, established systems are often considered incapable of adopting these improvements. In this work, we present CoinPrune, our block-pruning scheme with full Bitcoin compatibility, to revise this popular belief. CoinPrune bootstraps joining nodes via snapshots that are periodically created from Bitcoin's set of unspent transaction outputs (UTXO set). Our scheme establishes trust in these snapshots by relying on CoinPrune-supporting miners to mutually reaffirm a snapshot's correctness on the blockchain. This way, snapshots remain trustworthy even if adversaries attempt to tamper with them. Our scheme maintains its retrospective deployability by relying on positive feedback only, i.e., blocks containing invalid reaffirmations are not rejected, but invalid reaffirmations are outpaced by the benign ones created by an honest majority among CoinPrune-supporting miners. Already today, CoinPrune reduces the storage requirements for Bitcoin nodes by two orders of magnitude, as joining nodes need to fetch and process only 6 GiB instead of 271 GiB of data in our evaluation, reducing the synchronization time of powerful devices from currently 7 h to 51 min, with even larger potential drops for less powerful devices. CoinPrune is further aware of higher-level application data, i.e., it conserves otherwise pruned application data and allows nodes to obfuscate objectionable and potentially illegal blockchain content from their UTXO set and the snapshots they distribute.},
   keywords = {blockchain, block pruning, synchronization, bootstrapping, scalability, velvet fork, Bitcoin},
   tags = {mynedata, impact_digital, digital_campus},
   url = {https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2021/2021-matzutt-coinprune-v2.pdf},
   state = {accepted},
   language = {English},
   ISSN = {1932-4537},
   DOI = {10.1109/TNSM.2021.3073270},
   reviewed = {1},
   author = {Matzutt, Roman and Kalde, Benedikt and Pennekamp, Jan and Drichel, Arthur and Henze, Martin and Wehrle, Klaus}
}