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Creation date: 2024-03-28
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article
Jakobs_2023_3
Preserving the Royalty-Free Standards Ecosystem
European Intellectual Property Review
2023
7
45
7
371-375
It has long been recognized in Europe and elsewhere that standards-development organizations (SDOs) may adopt policies that require their participants to license patents essential to the SDO’s standards (standards-essential patents or SEPs) to manufacturers of standardized products (“implementers”) on a royalty-free (RF) basis. This requirement contrasts with SDO policies that permit SEP holders to charge implementers monetary patent royalties, sometimes on terms that are specified as “fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory” (FRAND). As demonstrated by two decades of intensive litigation around the world, FRAND royalties have given rise to intractable disputes regarding the manner in which such royalties should be calculated and adjudicated. In contrast, standards distributed on an RF basis are comparatively free from litigation and the attendant transaction costs. Accordingly, numerous SDOs around the world have adopted RF licensing policies and many widely adopted standards, including Bluetooth, USB, IPv6, HTTP, HTML and XML, are distributed on an RF basis. This note briefly discusses the commercial considerations surrounding RF standards, the relationship between RF standards and open source software (OSS) and the SDO policy mechanisms – including “universal reciprocity” -- that enable RF licensing to succeed in the marketplace.
0142-0461
10.2139/ssrn.4235647
1
JorgeContreras
RudiBekkers
BradBiddle
EnricoBonadio
Michael A.Carrier
BernardChao
CharlesDuan
RichardGilbert
JoachimHenkel
ErikHovenkamp
MartinHusovec
KaiJakobs
Dong-hyuKim
Mark A.Lemley
Brian J.Love
LukeMcDonagh
Fiona M.Scott Morton
JasonSchultz
TimothySimcoe
Jennifer M.Urban
Joy YXiang
incollection
2023_rueppel_crd-b2.ii
Model-Based Controlling Approaches for Manufacturing Processes
2023
2
8
221-246
The main objectives in production technology are quality assurance, cost reduction, and guaranteed process safety and stability. Digital shadows enable a more comprehensive understanding and monitoring of processes on shop floor level. Thus, process information becomes available between decision levels, and the aforementioned criteria regarding quality, cost, or safety can be included in control decisions for production processes. The contextual data for digital shadows typically arises from heterogeneous sources. At shop floor level, the proximity to the process requires usage of available data as well as domain knowledge. Data sources need to be selected, synchronized, and processed. Especially high-frequency data requires algorithms for intelligent distribution and efficient filtering of the main information using real-time devices and in-network computing. Real-time data is enriched by simulations, metadata from product planning, and information across the whole process chain. Well-established analytical and empirical models serve as the base for new hybrid, gray box approaches. These models are then applied to optimize production process control by maximizing the productivity under given quality and safety constraints. To store and reuse the developed models, ontologies are developed and a data lake infrastructure is utilized and constantly enlarged laying the basis for a World Wide Lab (WWL). Finally, closing the control loop requires efficient quality assessment, immediately after the process and directly on the machine. This chapter addresses works in a connected job shop to acquire data, identify and optimize models, and automate systems and their deployment in the Internet of Production (IoP).
Process control; Model-based control; Data aggregation; Model identification; Model optimization
internet-of-production
https://www.comsys.rwth-aachen.de/fileadmin/papers/2023/2023-rueppel-iop-b2.i.pdf
Springer
Interdisciplinary Excellence Accelerator Series
Internet of Production: Fundamentals, Applications and Proceedings
978-3-031-44496-8
10.1007/978-3-031-44497-5_7
1
Adrian KarlRüppel
MuzafferAy
BenediktBiernat
IkeKunze
MarkusLandwehr
SamuelMann
JanPennekamp
PascalRabe
Mark P.Sanders
DominikScheurenberg
SvenSchiller
TiandongXi
DirkAbel
ThomasBergs
ChristianBrecher
UweReisgen
Robert H.Schmitt
KlausWehrle